Review of Mechanical Characteristics and Flexural Strength of Concrete Beam Material Original Bundubela, East Sumba

Diana Ningrum; Nawir Rasidi; Enroe Frank Rijkaard Mouwlaka

doi:10.51278/ajse.v4i1.1892

Authors

Diana Ningrum universitas tribuana tunggadewi
Nawir Rasidi State Polytechnic of Malang
Enroe Frank Rijkaard Mouwlaka Universitas Tribhuwana Tunggadewi

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51278/ajse.v4i1.1892

Keywords:

Concrete, Bundubela Material, Mechanical Characteristics

Abstract

The utilization of local aggregates is pivotal for promoting sustainable and cost-effective construction, yet their mechanical viability requires rigorous assessment. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical characteristics and flexural strength of concrete beams formulated with aggregates from Bundubela, East Sumba, to determine their suitability under Indonesian National Standards (SNI). The research employed a laboratory-based experimental method following SNI procedures. Two concrete mixtures were tested: a standard mix designed for a compressive strength (fc') of 21.7 MPa and a second mix enhanced with additives, targeting an fc' of 45 MPa. Results indicated that both mixtures failed to achieve their designed strengths. The standard mix only reached an average compressive strength of 18.15 MPa, while the additive-enhanced mix achieved 28.79 MPa. Furthermore, in flexural strength tests on concrete beams, both configurations exhibited excessive deflection, surpassing the maximum limits allowed by SNI. The beam without additives deflected 4.635 mm under a 1500 Kg maximum load, and the additive-enhanced beam deflected 6.145 mm under a 2100 Kg maximum load. These findings conclude that despite enhancement with additives, the Bundubela aggregate is unsuitable for structural concrete applications that must comply with current SNI requirements. This highlights a critical challenge in reconciling the use of local materials with stringent national construction codes, pointing to the need for material modification or specific-standard development

References

S. A. Miller, A. Horvath, and P. J. M. Monteiro, “Impacts of booming concrete production on water resources worldwide,” Nat. Sustain., vol. 1, no. January, pp. 69–76, 2018, [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0009-5.

A. Alibeigibeni, F. Stochino, M. Zucca, and F. L. Gayarre, “Enhancing Concrete Sustainability: A Critical Review of the Performance of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCAs) in Structural Concrete,” Buildings, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1–25, 2025, doi: 10.3390/buildings15081361.

D. Trisna, D. Andre, P. M. Halley, Y. Djajawinata, A. Permana, and M. H. Yudhistira, “The Challenges of Infrastructure Development in Indonesia,” vol. 1, pp. 53–78, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/17/51/1/.

M. S. Meddah, S. Zitouni, and S. Belâabes, “Effect of content and particle size distribution of coarse aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 505–512, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.009.

S. Alexander, M. G., & Mindess, Aggregates in Concrete. 2010.

K. L. Scrivener, A. K. Crumbie, and P. Laugesen, “The interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between cement paste and aggregate in concrete,” Interface Sci., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 411–421, 2004, doi: 10.1023/B:INTS.0000042339.92990.4c.

M. Sharma, B. Parashar, and S. Bishnoi, “Influence of fly ash on mechanical and transport properties of concrete and mortar due to its effect on the interfacial transition zone,” Indian Concr. J., vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 26–33, 2019.

M. Behera, S. K. Bhattacharyya, A. K. Minocha, R. Deoliya, and S. Maiti, “Recycled aggregate from C&D waste & its use in concrete - A breakthrough towards sustainability in construction sector: A review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 68, pp. 501–516, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.003.

B. Djoual, R. M. Kettab, A. Ghrieb, T. Bouziani, and R. Zaitri, “The Influence of Mineral Additives and Sands on the Performance of Self-Compacting Sand Concretes,” Adv. Mater. Sci., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 104–126, 2024, doi: 10.2478/adms-2024-0007.

S. D’Amore and S. Pampanin, “Displacement-based seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings through low-damage exoskeletons,” Eng. Struct., vol. 322, no. PB, p. 119209, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119209.

ACI Committee, ACI PRC-212.3-16 Report on Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. 2016.

ASTM, “C 192/C 192M Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory,” Management, vol. 04, pp. 1–8, 2002.

Y. Wu et al., “A universal direct tensile testing method for measuring the tensile strength of rocks,” Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1443–1451, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmst.2024.09.009.

ASTM, “ASTM C 39/C 39M – 01. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” Am. Soc. Test. Mater., pp. 3–9, 2014, doi: 10.1520/C0039.

H. W. Lee et al., “Sensitivity of embedded channel for self-healing agent delivery on splitting tensile strength of concrete,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 102, no. January, p. 111838, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.111838.

ASTM, “C496/C496M. Standard test method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens,” Am. Soc. Test. Mater., pp. 1–5, 2001, doi: 10.1520/C0496_C0496M-17.

B. Lu, Y. Fang, Y. Wang, H. Yang, and H. Li, “Experimental behaviour of concrete-filled double-skin corrugated steel tubes under combined compression and cyclic lateral loads,” Eng. Struct., vol. 327, no. May, p. 112978, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119545..

ASTM, “C78/C78M Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete ( Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading ),” Am. Soc. Test. Mater., vol. C78-02, no. C, pp. 1–4, 2010, doi: 10.1520/C0078.

D. Ningrum, A. Soehardjono, H. Suseno, and A. Wibowo, “Analysis of the Effect of Using Covid-19 Medical Mask Waste With Polypropylene on the Compressive Strength and Split Tensile Strength of High-Performance Concrete,” Eastern-European J. Enterp. Technol., vol. 1, no. 6(121), pp. 40–46, 2023, doi: 10.15587/1729-4061.2023.272529.