Ratio Decidendi of Restitution Imposition in Juvenile Crimes from a Restorative Justice Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51278/bce.v6i1.2640Keywords:
Ratio Decidendi, Restitution, Criminal Justice, Restorative Justice, Victim ReparationAbstract
Restitution as a mechanism for restoring the rights of victims in juvenile criminal justice systems has garnered significant scholarly attention, yet its application in Indonesian legal practice remains inconsistent and theoretically underdeveloped. This study examines the ratio decidendi underlying judicial decisions that impose restitution in juvenile criminal cases, critically analyzed through the lens of restorative justice theory. Employing a normative juridical methodology complemented by a comparative approach, this research systematically analyzes a corpus of judicial decisions from Indonesian courts, relevant statutory frameworks, and international human rights instruments pertaining to child victims of crime. The findings reveal that Indonesian courts have yet to establish a coherent and uniform ratio decidendi in imposing restitution upon juvenile offenders; judicial reasoning is frequently characterized by discretionary and inconsistent application of legal principles, inadequate balancing of the punitive and rehabilitative imperatives, and insufficient consideration of the victim-centered dimensions of restorative justice. This study further demonstrates that the extant legislative architecture most notably Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System provides an enabling normative foundation for restorative-based restitution, yet systemic implementation gaps persist due to the absence of structured judicial guidelines, limited prosecutorial capacity, and underdeveloped victim support infrastructure. This article contributes to the academic discourse by formulating a comprehensive ratio decidendi framework specifically tailored for restitution in juvenile cases, integrating the principles of proportionality, rehabilitation, reparation, and victim participation. The study concludes with policy recommendations directed at legislators, the Supreme Court of Indonesia, and law enforcement institutions to strengthen the normative and practical framework for restorative restitution in the Indonesian juvenile justice system.
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Benuf, K., & Azhar, M. (2020). Metodologi penelitian hukum sebagai instrumen mengurai permasalahan hukum kontemporer. Gema Keadilan, 7(1), 20–33.
Budiman, F. C., Sudarwanto, A. S., & Ismunarno, I. (2025). Judicial Silence on Administrative Malpractice: The Disregard of Notarial Repertorium in the Legal Considerations of Indonesian Supreme Court Decisions. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 7(2), 1227–1242.
Carolina, C., & Putri, I. (2019). Juridical Review of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Justice System through Diversion. 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v4i1.18680
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Diantha, I. M. P., & Sh, M. S. (2016). Metodologi penelitian hukum normatif dalam justifikasi teori hukum. Prenada Media.
Efendi, J., & Widodo, I. G. (2017). Substantive Aspects of Ratio Decidendi in Indonesian Criminal Justice System. 22(7), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2207114348
Fachrie, Y., Zurnetti, A., & Rias, I. (2025). Implementasi Restitusi Oleh Jaksa Penuntut Umum Terhadap Anak Korban Tindak Pidana Berdasarkan Penetapan Pengadilan (Studi Kasus Penetapan Nomor 1/RES. PID/2023/PN BKT). Ranah Research: Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Development, 7(6), 4898–4908.
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Journal, R., Flora, H. S., & Alves, L. (2025). Effectiveness of the Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.
Jufri, M., Binti, N., Nazeri, M., & Dhanapal, S. (2019). Restorative Justice : an Alternative Process for Solving Juvenile Crimes in Indonesia. 8(2008). https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895808088993
Jurnal, F., Agama, K., Budaya, S., & Sinaga, H. (2024). Restitution in Social Reintegration of Human Trafficking Victims : An Islamic and Indonesian Criminal Law Perspective.
Kaimuddin, A., & Luth, H. (2023). Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum Model Countermeasures Children Who Commit Crimes in Review Restorative Justice. 2(2), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.26905/v14i2.10783.Jurnal
Macdiarmid, L. (2025). Apology – forgiveness in restorative justice : Victims ’ experiences with justice-involved youth. X. https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580251314901
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Pancasilawati, A., Herlambang, S., Naffati, K., Negeri, U. I., Aji, S., Idris, M., Hidayatullah, S., & Pancasilawati, A. (2025). Symbolic Restorative Justice in the Courtroom : Navigating the Intersection of Justice and Child Welfare in Indonesian Juvenile Court Decisions. VIII(40), 619–637. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v8i2.15328
Prabawani, R. D., Pujiyono, P., & Roikardi, D. (2025). Overcapacity in Indonesia’s Prisons: The Role of Criminal Law Reform in Sustainable Solutions. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 6(4), 2141–2176.
Prasetyo, D. (2025). Keadilan restoratif strategi transformasi menuju Polri presisi. PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Prinsip Keadilan Restoratif dalam KUHP Nasional : Jalan Tengah Hukum Pidana. (n.d.).
Putri, A., Ramadhani, I. P., & Pratama, E. F. (2025). EFEKTIVITAS PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PELAKU KEKERASAN SEKSUAL ANAK DI KOTA SERANG : ANALISIS PUTUSAN PENGADILAN. 2, 1029–1044.
Restorative Justice In the context of Juvenile Justice. (n.d.).
Rifa’i, I. J., Purwoto, A., Ramadhani, M., Rusydi, M. T., Harahap, N. K., Mardiyanto, I., Churniawan, E., Junaedi, M., Agustiwi, A., & Saragih, G. M. (2023). Metodologi penelitian hukum. Sada Kurnia Pustaka.
Saha, T. K. (2010). Textbook on legal methods, legal systems & research. Universal Law Publishing.
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Satria, H. (2018). Restorative Justice : Paradigma Baru Peradilan Pidana. 25(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2018.0107.111-123
Sebagai, D., Untuk, S., Skripsi, M., & Memperoleh, G. (2024). TINDAK PIDANA PENCURIAN DENGAN KEKERASAN ( Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kudus No . 2 / PidSus-. 2.
Setiawan, A., Soetijono, I. K., & Y, N. K. N. (2026). Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Anak Ditinjau dari Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia. 981–989.
Sulistiya, M., & Sodikin, S. (2025). Reconstruction of the Principle of Justice in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System : A Restorative Perspective and Regulatory Reform. 01(1), 1–17.
Sunggono, B. (2006). Metodologi penelitian hukum.
Susiani, D. (2024). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum. Penerbit Tahta Media.
Terhadap, K., & Sebagai, A. (2023). No Title.
Wagiman, W., & Jubaidi, D. (2024). Ultimum Remedium Principles : Realizing Restorative Justice for Children In Conflict With The Law. 18(3), 685–701.
Wahyudi, H., Ma, U., & Sugiharto, R. (2022). The Efforts to Implement Diversion to Realize Restorative Justice for Children in Conflict with the Law in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. 4(3), 373–380.
Yudiawati, M. D., Prasetyo, Y., & Wibowo, S. (2025). Criminal Liability for Sexual Intercourse Against Children: Victim Protection and the Application of Restorative Justice in Indonesian Criminal Law. Ius Poenale, 6(2), 129–138.
Yulfarikaini, Y., Yunus, A., & Heriyanto, H. (2025). Analisis Yuridis Normatif Terhadap Pertimbangan Hakim Terhadap Pelaku Pemerkosaan Atas Anak. Themis: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 3(1), 11–18.
Ani Purwati, S. H., Cpl, M. H., CPCLE, Ccm., CLA, C. T. L., & CLI, Cm. (2020). Keadilan Restoratif dan Diversi dalam Penyelesaian Perkara Tindak Pidana Anak. Jakad Media Publishing.
Anwar, I., Prihatmini, S., Azizah, A., & Suarda, I. G. W. (2024). Restorative Approaches to Managing Children in Conflict with the Law. 6(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v6i1.193
Area, U. M. (2023). KEADILAN RESTORATIF ( Studi Pada Kepolisian Daerah Aceh ) TESIS OLEH : AYUB DERMAWAN PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU HUKUM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS MEDAN AREA MEDAN KEADILAN RESTORATIF ( Studi Pada Kepolisian Daerah Aceh ) TESIS Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Magister Hukum pada Pascasarjana Universitas Medan Area.
Arfa, F. A., & Marpaung, W. (2016). Metodologi penelitian hukum Islam. Kencana.
Arifuddin, Q., Riswan, R., HR, M. A., Bulkis, B., Latif, A., Salma, S., Hasnawati, H., Hidayat, A. A., & Indah, N. (2025). Metodologi penelitian hukum. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Benuf, K., & Azhar, M. (2020). Metodologi penelitian hukum sebagai instrumen mengurai permasalahan hukum kontemporer. Gema Keadilan, 7(1), 20–33.
Budiman, F. C., Sudarwanto, A. S., & Ismunarno, I. (2025). Judicial Silence on Administrative Malpractice: The Disregard of Notarial Repertorium in the Legal Considerations of Indonesian Supreme Court Decisions. SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 7(2), 1227–1242.
Carolina, C., & Putri, I. (2019). Juridical Review of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Justice System through Diversion. 4(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls.v4i1.18680
Deo, M., & Sihole, L. (2026). Restorative Yet Incomplete : The Dilemma of Progressive Legal Reform in Indonesia. 7(2), 654–670. https://doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v7i2.328
Diantha, I. M. P., & Sh, M. S. (2016). Metodologi penelitian hukum normatif dalam justifikasi teori hukum. Prenada Media.
Efendi, J., & Widodo, I. G. (2017). Substantive Aspects of Ratio Decidendi in Indonesian Criminal Justice System. 22(7), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2207114348
Fachrie, Y., Zurnetti, A., & Rias, I. (2025). Implementasi Restitusi Oleh Jaksa Penuntut Umum Terhadap Anak Korban Tindak Pidana Berdasarkan Penetapan Pengadilan (Studi Kasus Penetapan Nomor 1/RES. PID/2023/PN BKT). Ranah Research: Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Development, 7(6), 4898–4908.
FORMULASI INTEGRATED RESTORATIVE JUSTICE SYSTEM DALAM PENEGAKAN. (2026).
Hani, R., Dwiprigitaningtias, I., & Ikrardini, Z. (2012). JURIDICAL REVIEW OF THE ENFORCEMENT OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN CASES OF BULLYING BY CHILDREN ACCORDING TO LAW NUMBER 11 OF 2012 CONCERNING THE JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM TINJAUAN YURIDIS PENEGAKAN RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM KASUS TINDAK PIDANA BULLYING OLEH ANAK MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA ANAK Pengesahan Convention On The Rights Of The Child ( Konvensi Tentang Hak-Hak Anak ) yang. 11, 1–16.
Hayatuddin, K., Zahri, S., Kurnianda, S. I., & Palembang, R. F. (2025). PROTECTION OF CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH LAW IN INDONESIA BASED ON PRINCIPLES OF BEST INTERESTS FOR CHILDREN. 17(3), 403–424.
Ikhsan, M., & Chairuni, K. (2026). THE INFLUENCE OF DOXING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CYBERCRIME THROUGH WHATSAPP IN A CRIMINALISTIC PERSPECTIVE. 2(2), 625–631.
Ismail, D. E., Ahmad, N., Mantali, A. R. Y., Moha, M. R., & Machmud, A. W. (2025). The Comparative Study : Protecting Children ’ s Rights Through Law Reform of Restorative Justice in Juvenile Cases (Vol. 6, Issue 2).
Jambi, U. (2019). RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN JUVENILE JUSTICE TO FORMULATE INTEGRATED CHILD. 8(3), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.25216/JHP.8.3.2019.439-457
Journal, R., Flora, H. S., & Alves, L. (2025). Effectiveness of the Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.
Jufri, M., Binti, N., Nazeri, M., & Dhanapal, S. (2019). Restorative Justice : an Alternative Process for Solving Juvenile Crimes in Indonesia. 8(2008). https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895808088993
Jurnal, F., Agama, K., Budaya, S., & Sinaga, H. (2024). Restitution in Social Reintegration of Human Trafficking Victims : An Islamic and Indonesian Criminal Law Perspective.
Kaimuddin, A., & Luth, H. (2023). Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum Model Countermeasures Children Who Commit Crimes in Review Restorative Justice. 2(2), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.26905/v14i2.10783.Jurnal
Macdiarmid, L. (2025). Apology – forgiveness in restorative justice : Victims ’ experiences with justice-involved youth. X. https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580251314901
MAESAROH, S. (2024). RATIO DECIDENDI HAKIM TERHADAP ANAK PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA KEJAHATAN SEKSUAL (Studi Putusan Nomor 17/Pid. Sus Anak/2022/PN. Pwt). Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang.
Muthaqin, M. A. (2024). Analisis Yuridis Penerapan Restorative Justice pada Tindak Pidana Lalu Lintas yang Menyebabkan Korban Meninggal Dunia dalam Perspektif Keadilan. Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang.
No Title. (n.d.).
No Title. (2001). 298–299.
No Title. (2023a). 27–37.
No Title. (2023b).
No Title. (2026).
Noya, E. V., Warka, M., & Simangungsong, F. (2025). RATIO LEGIS OF SETTLEMENT OF CRIMINAL ACTS BY CUSTOMARY INSTITUTIONS OF THE STATES IN AMBON CITY. Journal of International Trade, Logistics & Law, 11(2), 370.
Of, S., Offenders, J., On, B., & Justice, R. (2022). Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan. 10(3).
Pancasilawati, A., Herlambang, S., Naffati, K., Negeri, U. I., Aji, S., Idris, M., Hidayatullah, S., & Pancasilawati, A. (2025). Symbolic Restorative Justice in the Courtroom : Navigating the Intersection of Justice and Child Welfare in Indonesian Juvenile Court Decisions. VIII(40), 619–637. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v8i2.15328
Prabawani, R. D., Pujiyono, P., & Roikardi, D. (2025). Overcapacity in Indonesia’s Prisons: The Role of Criminal Law Reform in Sustainable Solutions. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 6(4), 2141–2176.
Prasetyo, D. (2025). Keadilan restoratif strategi transformasi menuju Polri presisi. PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Prinsip Keadilan Restoratif dalam KUHP Nasional : Jalan Tengah Hukum Pidana. (n.d.).
Putri, A., Ramadhani, I. P., & Pratama, E. F. (2025). EFEKTIVITAS PENEGAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PELAKU KEKERASAN SEKSUAL ANAK DI KOTA SERANG : ANALISIS PUTUSAN PENGADILAN. 2, 1029–1044.
Restorative Justice In the context of Juvenile Justice. (n.d.).
Rifa’i, I. J., Purwoto, A., Ramadhani, M., Rusydi, M. T., Harahap, N. K., Mardiyanto, I., Churniawan, E., Junaedi, M., Agustiwi, A., & Saragih, G. M. (2023). Metodologi penelitian hukum. Sada Kurnia Pustaka.
Saha, T. K. (2010). Textbook on legal methods, legal systems & research. Universal Law Publishing.
Sari, M. Y. A. R., Amalia, M., Ridwan, M., Jumaah, S. H., Septiani, R., Idris, M., Sari, D. C., Ayu, R. K., & Wahid, S. H. (2021). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum.
Satria, H. (2018). Restorative Justice : Paradigma Baru Peradilan Pidana. 25(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2018.0107.111-123
Sebagai, D., Untuk, S., Skripsi, M., & Memperoleh, G. (2024). TINDAK PIDANA PENCURIAN DENGAN KEKERASAN ( Studi Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Kudus No . 2 / PidSus-. 2.
Setiawan, A., Soetijono, I. K., & Y, N. K. N. (2026). Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Anak Ditinjau dari Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia. 981–989.
Sulistiya, M., & Sodikin, S. (2025). Reconstruction of the Principle of Justice in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System : A Restorative Perspective and Regulatory Reform. 01(1), 1–17.
Sunggono, B. (2006). Metodologi penelitian hukum.
Susiani, D. (2024). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum. Penerbit Tahta Media.
Terhadap, K., & Sebagai, A. (2023). No Title.
Wagiman, W., & Jubaidi, D. (2024). Ultimum Remedium Principles : Realizing Restorative Justice for Children In Conflict With The Law. 18(3), 685–701.
Wahyudi, H., Ma, U., & Sugiharto, R. (2022). The Efforts to Implement Diversion to Realize Restorative Justice for Children in Conflict with the Law in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. 4(3), 373–380.
Yudiawati, M. D., Prasetyo, Y., & Wibowo, S. (2025). Criminal Liability for Sexual Intercourse Against Children: Victim Protection and the Application of Restorative Justice in Indonesian Criminal Law. Ius Poenale, 6(2), 129–138.
Yulfarikaini, Y., Yunus, A., & Heriyanto, H. (2025). Analisis Yuridis Normatif Terhadap Pertimbangan Hakim Terhadap Pelaku Pemerkosaan Atas Anak. Themis: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 3(1), 11–18.
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