The Problematics of Mobile Lending (Bank Keliling) Practices in Rural Areas: An Islamic Law Analysis of Riba and Gharar Elements and Their Implications for Rural Financial Behavior
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51278/bce.v6i2.2562Keywords:
Mobile Lending, Riba, Gharar, Financial Behavior, Islamic LawAbstract
This study aims to analyze the practice of mobile lending (“bank keliling”) in Banjit Subdistrict, Way Kanan Regency from the perspective of Islamic law, particularly in relation to the elements of riba (usury) and gharar (uncertainty), as well as to examine its implications for rural financial behavior. This research employs a socio-legal approach with a qualitative method through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation involving 66 informants, including community members, lenders, religious leaders, and local authorities. The findings reveal that although the practices vary in form, they fundamentally contain elements of riba, either explicitly or disguised under terms such as “profit-sharing,” thereby violating the fiqh maxim kullu qardin jarra naf’an fahuwa riba and the principle of al-ghunmu bi al-ghurmi. Furthermore, significant elements of gharar are identified, reflected in unclear contracts, lack of transparency, and the absence of written agreements, which contradict the principle of clarity in transactions and the maxim al-‘ibrah fi al-‘uqud li al-maqasid wa al-ma’ani. The joint liability system also violates the principles of la dharar wa la dhirar and al-darar yuzal as it creates disproportionate collective harm. Empirically, these practices contribute to unhealthy financial behavior, including debt dependency, consumptive patterns, and recurring debt traps. This study concludes that mobile lending practices are not only inconsistent with Islamic law but also detrimental to rural economic stability, thus requiring comprehensive interventions through financial literacy, regulatory enforcement, and the development of inclusive sharia-based financing alternatives.
References
Abozaid, A. (2024). Revisiting Riba & Gharar in Light of a Contemporary Analysis of Their Shariah Objectives. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 27, 333–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51212-4_19
Aji, A. R., & Muhibban. (2024). Tradisi Budaya Gantangan dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah Islam Studi Kasus Subang, Jawa Barat. In Journal of International Multidisciplinary Research (Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp. 677–682). PT. Banjarese Pacific Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.62504/jimr681
Al-Ghazali. (1993). Ihya Ulum al-Din (Muhammad al-Zuhaily (ed.); 2nd ed.). Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.
Al-Ghazali, I. (n.d.). Al-Mustashfā fī ‘Ilm al-Uṣūl, juz 2. Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Al-Mubarakfuri, S. S. (2020). Shahih Tafsir Ibnu Katsir, Jilid 2 (Juz 3-6). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir.
Al-Syāṭibī, A. I. I. ibn M. (2004). Al-Muwāfaqāt fī Uṣūl al-Sharīʿah, ed. ʿAbd Allāh Darrāz, vol. 2. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah.
Ali, Z. (2014). Metode Penelitian Hukum,. Sinar Grafika.
Antono, V. Y., Antono, V. Y., & Saputra, A. (2025). FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY IN CONSUMER AND PUBLIC PROTECTION ON ONLINE LOAN BASED ON FINANCIAL SERVICES AUTHORITY REGULATION (POJK) NUMBER 22 OF 2023. Jurnal Meta-Yuridis, 8(2), 78–92. https://doi.org/10.26877/m-y.v8i2.23379
Arikunto, S. (2024). Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik. Rineka Cipta.
Aryeetey, E., & Aryeetey, E. (2005). Informal Finance for Private Sector Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Microfinance / ESR Review, 7(1), 3. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/esr/vol7/iss1/3
Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019). Mobile banking usage, quality of growth, inequality and poverty in developing countries. Information Development, 35(2), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666917744006;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:IDVA;WEBSITE:WEBSITE:SAGE;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Aulia, N. P., Rozalinda, R., Musdalifah, A. A., & Fiqram, M. (2025). Analisis Prinsip Keadilan dalam Transaksi Ekonomi Syariah Berdasarkan Perspektif Maqashid al-Syari’ah. Al-Zayn : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 3(6), 9173–9190. https://doi.org/10.61104/ALZ.V3I6.2621
Az-Zuhaili, W. (1989). al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu, Jilid 5. Dar al-Fikr.
Banerjee, A. V. (2000). Prospects and Strategies for Land Reform. In Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1999. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/448681468741326292/pdf/multi-page.pdf
Barbier, E. B., López, R. E., & Hochard, J. P. (2015). Debt, Poverty and Resource Management in a Rural Smallholder Economy. Environmental and Resource Economics 2015 63:2, 63(2), 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10640-015-9890-4
Batunanggar, S. (2019). Fintech development and regulatory frameworks in Indonesia. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/222781
Bin Sapa, N., Subli, M., Alauddin Makassar, U., & Morowali, S. (2025). Implementasi Maqashid as-Syariah dalam Industri Takaful: Analisis Konseptual dan Praktis di Indonesia. Al-Zayn : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 3(5), 6754–6767. https://doi.org/10.61104/ALZ.V3I5.2320
Budi Santoso, M. S., Dimyati, & Hidayati, N. L. (2024). MURABAHAH VS KREDIT: Analisis Perbedaan antara Jual Beli Berbasis Mark-up dan Pinjaman Berbasis Bunga. TIJAROTANA : Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Syariah, 3(01). https://doi.org/10.64454/TJ.V3I01.37
Comelli, M. (2021). The impact of welfare on household debt. Sociological Spectrum, 41(2), 154–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2021.1875088
Czech, K., Ochnio, L., Wielechowski, M., & Zabolotnyy, S. (2024). Financial Literacy: Identification of the Challenges, Needs, and Difficulties among Adults Living in Rural Areas. Agriculture 2024, Vol. 14, Page 1705, 14(10), 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/AGRICULTURE14101705
De Janvry, A., & Sadoulet, E. (2005). Achieving success in rural development: Toward implementation of an integral approach. Agricultural Economics, 32(SUPPL. 1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.0169-5150.2004.00015.X;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Dzulkepli, S., & Barom, M. N. (2021). Financial inclusion and the goal of distributive justice in Islamic economics. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 18(1), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.33102/JMIFR.V18I1.330
El-Gamal, M. A. (2016). Mutuality, reciprocity and justice within the context of a unified theory of riba and gharar. Takaful and Islamic Cooperative Finance. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785363368.00012
Ezzahid, E., & Elouaourti, Z. (2021). Financial inclusion, mobile banking, informal finance and financial exclusion: micro-level evidence from Morocco. International Journal of Social Economics, 48(7), 1060–1086. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2020-0747
Fahmy, M., Rapaee, B., & Zen, M. (2025). PERBANDINGAN KONSEP LA DHARAR WA LA DHIRAR DALAM FIQH KLASIK DENGAN REGULASI PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN SYARIAH KONTEMPORER. Integrative Perspectives of Social and Science Journal, 2(06 November), 8363. https://ipssj.com/index.php/ojs/article/view/971
Gardner, J., & Gray, M. (2022). Regulation of abusive informal debt collection practices : The U.K. debt collection industry: why regulation isn’t enough. Regulation of Debt Collection in Europe, 201–222. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003343158-11
Godard, B., Schmidtke, J., Cassiman, J. J., & Aymé, S. (2004). Data storage and DNA banking for biomedical research: informed consent, confidentiality, quality issues, ownership, return of benefits. A professional perspective. European Journal of Human Genetics 2003 11:2, 11(2), S88–S122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201114
Gomber, P., Kauffman, R. J., Parker, C., & Weber, B. W. (2018). On the Fintech Revolution: Interpreting the Forces of Innovation, Disruption, and Transformation in Financial Services. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(1), 220–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1440766
Gould, J. B., & Barclay, S. (2012). Mind the gap: The place of gap studies in sociolegal scholarship. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8(Volume 8, 2012), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-LAWSOCSCI-102811-173833/CITE/REFWORKS
Hans Dieter Seibel, by. (2000). Challenges, Opportunities and Options for the Development of Rural Financial Institutions. 5. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/23691
Ingram, J. C., Franco, G., Rio, C. R. del, & Khazai, B. (2006). Post-disaster recovery dilemmas: challenges in balancing short-term and long-term needs for vulnerability reduction. Environmental Science & Policy, 9(7–8), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVSCI.2006.07.006
Irfan, M. (2026). Hukum Endorsement Produk Tanpa Transparansi Dalam Perspektif Fikih Muamalah | JHUSUM: Jurnal Hukum, Sosial dan Humaniora. JHUSUM: Jurnal Hukum, Sosial Dan Humaniora, 1(1), 12–21. https://ejournal.darulfaizin.or.id/index.php/jhusum/article/view/37
John W. Creswell. (2024). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Pustaka Pelajar.
Kamal, I. (2025). A revisit to the prohibition of interest-bearing loans, impact of the verses’ clarity and religious authorities’ interventions: a comparison between the three Abrahamic religions. International Journal of Ethics and Systems. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-10-2024-0323/1253429
Kamran, S., & Uusitalo, O. (2024). How informal financial service institutes facilitate the financial inclusion of low-income, unbanked consumers. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 42(6), 1232–1263. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-03-2023-0148
Karjaluoto, H., Glavee-Geo, R., Ramdhony, D., Shaikh, A. A., & Hurpaul, A. (2021). Consumption values and mobile banking services: understanding the urban–rural dichotomy in a developing economy. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 39(2), 272–293. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-03-2020-0129
Kefela, G. T. (2010). Promoting access to finance by empowering consumers-Financial literacy in developing countries. Educational Research and Reviews, 5(5), 205–212. http://www.academicjournals.org/ERR
Lee, L. (2024). Enhancing Financial Inclusion and Regulatory Challenges: A Critical Analysis of Digital Banks and Alternative Lenders Through Digital Platforms, Machine Learning, and Large Language Models Integration. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.11898
Madali, E., & Fazri, M. (2024). Regulasi Transaksi Finance Technology Dalam Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam. JURNAL MULTIDISIPLIN ILMU AKADEMIK, 1(3), 905–918. https://doi.org/10.61722/JMIA.V1I3.4626
Mahessa, A., Pratama, R. A., Sagara, B., Ardinata, F., & Wismanto, W. (2024). Pandangan Islam tentang Riba dalam Muamalah. MARAS : Jurnal Penelitian Multidisiplin, 2(1), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.60126/MARAS.V2I1.180
Makulilo, A. B. (2015). Privacy in mobile money: central banks in Africa and their regulatory limits. International Journal of Law and Information Technology, 23(4), 372–391. https://doi.org/10.1093/IJLIT/EAV014
Martin, K. (2025). The Impact of Recent OJK Regulations on Transparency, Efficiency, and Investor Protection in Indonesia’s Capital Market. Anthology: Inside Intellectual Property Rights, 21-40–21–40. https://ojs.uph.edu/index.php/Anthology/article/view/10016
Matin, I., Hulme, D., & Rutherford, S. (2002). Finance for the poor: From microcredit to microfinancial services. Journal of International Development, 14(2), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/JID.874;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Mckinnon, R., & Grassman, S. (1981). Financial Repression and the Liberalisation Problem within Less-Developed Countries. The World Economic Order, 365–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16488-2_11
Moleong, L. J. (2023). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif (Edisi revi). PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Muhammad, M. M. (2022). Pasar Digital Syariah Dalam Transaksi Bisnis Modern. El-Iqthisadi Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Fakultas Hukum Dan Syariah, 20(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.24252/el-iqthisady.vi.29686
Mursekha, Wahyuningsih, A. M. T., Istiqomah, D., & Rizqi, S. K. (2024). Implementation of Sharia Principles in the Drafting of Financing Agreements in Islamic Financial Institutions: Implementasi Prinsip Syariah dalam Penyusunan Perjanjian Pembiayaan di Lembaga Keuangan Syariah. Journal of Society and Development, 4(2), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.57032/JSD.V4I2.298
Muthitacharoen, A., Nuntramas, P., & Chotewattanakul, P. (2015). Rising Household Debt: Implications for Economic Stability. Thailand and The World Economy, 33(3), 43–65. https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/TER/article/view/137687
Ncube, J. (2020). The Impact Of Mobile Banking Customer Experience On Loyalty Among Millennials In South Africa. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32933
Novianti, T., Sakdiah, K., & Febriyanni, R. (2025). Implementasi Qawaid Fiqhiyyah Dalam Mengembangkan Produk Perbankan Syariah. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Syariah, 4(3), 103–117. https://jurnal.perima.or.id/index.php/JEKSya/article/view/984
Pratitis, S. A., Yuslem, N., & Zen, A. (2026). Larangan Riba dan Gharar dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Maqasid Al-Syariah. Al-Zayn : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 4(1), 4634–4648. https://doi.org/10.61104/ALZ.V4I1.3910
Prihandini, W. (2025). Digital Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion in Indonesia’s Digital Economy. International Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting Research (IJEBAR), 9(3). https://doi.org/10.29040/IJEBAR.V9I3.18500
Putro, D. H., Nurwahidin, Hannase, M., Muhammad, Nafis, C., Fatwa, N., & Muttaqin, M. I. (2024). Contextualization of Ushul Fiqh in Muamalah and Modern Banking: Sharia Solutions in the Global Economic System. Internasional Journal of Integrative Sciences (IJIS), 3(11), 1243–1254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55927/ijis.v3i11.12424
Rahim, A., Bakri, M., & Ridwan, M. (2025). Tinjauan Hukum Islam terhadap Praktik Akad Utang Piutang Uang dengan Pelunasan Barang di Desa Lampasio Kecamatan Lampasio Kabupaten Tolitoli. Jurnal Riksa Cendikia Nusantara, 1(4), 71. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.18245089
Rahmi, C., Anjani, D. D., Hikmah, S. S. N., & Hummaira, Z. N. (2024). Pengaruh Riba Dalam Penggunaan Fitur Shopee Pay Later Terhadap Generasi Millenial. JURNAL ILMIAH RESEARCH STUDENT, 1(5), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.61722/JIRS.V1I5.1282
Saphira, N., Putri, F. M., Miqdad, M., & Jalil, M. (2025). PENDEKATAN MAQASHID SYARIAH DALAM KEGIATAN SOSIAL DAN EKONOMI PADA PERSPEKTIF PRAKTIK FIQH MUAMALAH KONTEMPORER. Media Riset Bisnis Manajemen Akuntansi, 1(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.71312/MRBIMA.V1I1.376
Siti Musdah Mulia. (2022). Metode Penelitian Hukum Islam. Jurnal Syariah, 5(1), 12–25.
Sugiyono. (2023). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.
Wicaksono, L. S. (2024). P2P Lending Default Settlement in Indonesia and United States. Arena Hukum, 17(2), 313–329. https://doi.org/10.21776/UB.ARENAHUKUM2024.01702.5
Williams, T. (2007). Empowerment of whom and for what? Financial literacy education and the new regulation of consumer financial services. Law and Policy, 29(2), 226–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-9930.2007.00254.X;ISSUE:ISSUE:DOI
Wulandari, F. Y., Sabrina, S., Intan, I., Ariani, T., & Syam, H. (2025). Tekanan Ekonomi dan Dampaknya Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Anggota Keluarga. JURNAL MULTIDISIPLIN ILMU AKADEMIK, 2(4), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.61722/JMIA.V2I4.5100
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Medi Romi Ardianto, Andriansyah Andriansyah, Dwi Ayu Widyaningsih, Rizky Ananda
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
