Strategies Used in Translating the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone Novel into Indonesian

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INTRODUCTION
Translation has been an integral part of human civilization, involving multiple sectors, one of which is literature. In the translation of literature, there exists the preconception that translating is simply a procedure through which a text is converted from one language into other languages. However, it has been discovered that multitudinous problems exist within the world of translation. These problems include the existence of culture-specific items and the differences in the grammatical structures between languages. Therefore, multiple translation strategies have been formulated by experts to counteract these problems (Baker, 2018;Newmark, 2003).
To date, there have been a large quantity of studies concerning translation strategies utilized in novels. Some of these studies investigated the translation strategies used in translating novels in general (Ndruru, 2017;Nugraha et al., 2017;Warhamni, 2010). On the other hand, other studies specifically investigated which types of strategies the translators employed in translating a multitude of idioms in various novels (Fitri et al., 2019;Sinurat et al., 2022;Wirastuti & Wedasuwari, 2019).
Despite the many studies conducted on this topic, however, there has been limited research concerning the translation strategies utilized in the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel. Furthermore, the researchers believed that the novel would serve as a valuable basis for the study; the author of the novel, J.K. Rowling, was very descriptive and sometimes witty in writing the scenes in the novel, therefore allowing in-depth analyses. As such, the researchers chose the aforementioned novel as the topic of research to occupy the gap in this field of research. The aim of the study was to identify the translation strategies utilized in translating the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel.

Translation Theories
To date, there has been a significant amount of research concerning translation (Gutt, 2000;Panou, 2013;Pym, 2007Pym, , 2014. According to Newmark (2003), although translation is always possible, the translated product may not have the same impact as the original text as a caveat. This phenomenon occurs due to the potential differences in the culture and language structures of various communities. This discrepancy has spawned the question of whether a text should be translated literally or freely.

Natural Equivalence Theory
Numerous theories have been formulated in regards to the topic of translation. Pym (2014) highlighted the theory of natural equivalence, which refers to the idea that what is expressed in a particular language may have the same form or function when it is translated into other languages. Furthermore, the natural equivalence theory indicates that whether the translator chooses to translate language A to language B or vice versa is irrelevant; the translator will be able to produce the same results (Panou, 2013). It is also explained that equivalence does not suggest that languages are completely identical; it merely highlights that the values conveyed through the symbols within the languages could be the same.

Directional Equivalence Theory
In contrast to the natural equivalence theory, Pym (2014) also elaborated upon the theory of directional equivalence, which states that the translation of languages may not be reciprocal in terms of meanings or values. Moreover, this theory suggests that the order or directionality in which two languages are translated matters; the translator will produce two different results depending on which language is translated into the other (Panou, 2013). From the aforementioned points, it could be inferred that the language structures and cultural aspects associated with a language may affect the translation process.

Relevance Theory
Furthermore, in a different book, Pym (2007) referred to a theory proposed by Gutt (Gutt, 2000), which is referred to as the relevance theory. Serving as a means of addressing the aforementioned problems, this theory takes notice of the flaws in the previous theories: Every translation decision would have its own theory of equivalence. Additionally, Gutt viewed directional equivalence as "interpretive resemblance", which relates translation to the study of pragmatics. This means that a translated word may actually be a translation of its implicature, along with the relevant contexts, rather than a literal translation.

Types of Translation Strategies in Literary Texts
The strategies translators may employ in translating literary texts have been studied extensively by many researchers (Kazakova, 2015;Lörscher, 2005;Mardiana et al., 2021). The formulation of translation strategies begins when a subject recognizes a translation problem, and it ends when the problem is overcome through the solutions emerged from the utilized strategy (Lörscher, 2005). Moreover, Kazakova (2015) divided translation strategies in literary texts into two categories: the biased approach and the unbiased approach.

Kazakova's Unbiased Principles
(2015) defined unbiased principles as principles in which the translator retains a larger quantity of the verbal characteristics from the source text. These principles are further categorized into two translation strategies: the observer strategy and the adherent strategy. The former is a strategy where the source text is translated literally; the original author's writing style and preferences are often disregarded. Conversely, the adherent strategy is a literary translation strategy where the translator retains the grammatical forms and structures of the original text. Additionally, culture-specific items are transliterated in the utilization of this strategy (Kazakova, 2015;Mardiana et al., 2021).

Kazakova's Biased Principles
In contrast to the unbiased principles, Kazakova (2015) described biased principles as a translation approach in which the translator assists the readers by using the helper strategy or alternatively the enlightener strategy. The helper strategy is a technique where the translator essentially prevents the readers from experiencing linguistic and cultural complications by modifying the syntax or lexical items utilized in the translated text. On the other hand, the enlightener strategy involves the provision of additional and relevant details through the glossary or footnotes to aid the readers' understanding. Newmark (2003) proposed eight methods of translating texts, from which two major categories are created: methods which prioritize the text's source language and originality and methods which are in favor of prioritizing the target language and readability. First, the methods which prioritize the source language are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation. Several studies (Hidayati, 2020;Newmark, 2003;Nugraha et al., 2017) have described these methods as follows:

Word-for-word translation
In this method, the words retain their orders of appearance and are transferred into the target language by their most common meanings without taking heed of their contexts. Additionally, culture-specific words are transliterated. For instance, utilizing the word-forword translation technique, the sentence "Di sebuah danau, hiduplah keluarga katak." is translated into "In a lake, there lived a family of frogs" (Hidayati, 2020).

Literal translation
This method converts the sentence structures of the source text to match the sentence constructions of the language into which the text will be translated. This means that the words are translated individually, disregarding their original contexts. For example, the sentence "Setelah sampai di danau, ia segera menemui teman-temannya termasuk Pak Big." is literally translated into "After arriving at the lake, he soon met his friends including Mr. Big" (Hidayati, 2020).

Faithful translation
As the name suggests, the faithful translation method attempts to be as faithful as possible to the language used in the source text: It seeks to retain the words' meanings in accordance with their original contexts within the linguistic limitations of the target language's structure. In this method, the linguistic features of the original text will be retained, and words which are considered to be culturally specific will be transferred. An implementation of this translation strategy can be found in the translation of the sentence "Shchupkin's mouth fell open with amazement and alarm." into "Mulut Shchumpkin seperti terbuka dengan kekaguman dan alarm." (Nugraha et al., 2017)

Paraphrasing
The fourth strategy would be translating idioms through paraphrasing. This strategy is utilized when a certain expression lacks a direct equivalent in the target language or when its inclusion conflicts with the style of the source or target text.

Omission of a play on idiom
The fifth strategy concerns the elimination of wordplay aspects from an idiom. This strategy essentially removes the wordplay aspect of language from the translated product. As a result, the translation of the idiom becomes literal.

Omission of an entire idiom
The final strategy involves the outright removal of an idiom. The implementation of this strategy occurs when a translator chooses to remove an entire idiom because the target language does not possess a direct equivalent or because of a mismatch between the stylistic preferences between the source or target text.
Several studies have highlighted various translation procedures in fantasy novels (Sinurat et al., 2022;Warhamni, 2010;Wirastuti & Wedasuwari, 2019;Yuliasri & Allen, 2019). Warhamni (2010) analyzed the strategies utilized in translating the Twilight novel into the Indonesian language. The study found that the semantic translation procedure was used to translate the novel; the translator emphasized the retention of the values contained within the source text.
Additionally, Wirastuti and Wedasuwari (2019) conducted a study in which the translation strategies employed in the Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers novel were analyzed. They discovered that transfer of English idioms into the Indonesian language resulted in literal translations, loss and gain of information, and shifts in the lexical units and grammatical structures. They further explained that these shifts were caused by how dissimilar the original and target languages are, thus necessitating the implementation of translation strategies.
Moreover, Yuliasri and Allen (2019) analyzed the ways in which humor was lost as a result of translating the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel into Indonesian. They discovered that although the translator was able to convey some of the comedic elements in the original text, some of the humor was lost in translation due to the differences in the two languages. Furthermore, a different study by Sinurat et al. (2022) analyzed the strategies employed in translating various idiomatic expressions within said novel. The study found that the translation through paraphrasing strategy was the most prevalent approach to translating the novel.
Another study related to the topic of translation was conducted by Nugraha et al. (2017) in which they analyzed the translation methods used in translating Anton Chekhov's "A Blunder", which is a type of contemporary or realistic fiction novel, into Indonesian. This research involved an experiment in which five students were asked to translate the aforementioned story into Indonesian. It was discovered that the participants used six methods in the Newmark Theory; the communicative method was the most prevalent method.
Moreover, Ndruru (2017) conducted a study where he identified and described the translation strategies which were employed in the Indonesian translation of the novel "A Time to Kill" by John Grisham. The findings indicated that the translation utilized seventeen of the translation strategies presented by Molina and Albir (n.d.). They also found that the translation process took the author's writing style into consideration: Attempts were made to replicate the tone of the original text.
Furthermore, Fitri et al. (2019) analyzed the translation techniques which were utilized in translating English idiomatic expressions in the Crazy Rich Asians romance novel into Indonesian. Through their research, they discovered that the majority of the expressions in the novel were translated by paraphrasing as proposed by Baker (2018) due to the gap between Indonesian and English cultures. In addition, they uncovered that the strategies of utilizing idioms with similar meanings and forms and the idioms with similar meanings but different forms were implemented in a small number of cases.
From the aforementioned studies, it could be concluded that there has been a plethora of research concerning the translation strategies utilized in the translation of various novels: Several studies analyzed the texts as a whole, and others specifically analyzed the idioms or linguistic aspects within them. However, there has been little research concerning which translation strategies had been utilized in translating both the texts and idioms in the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone Novel. The researchers believed the author of the novel was able to display a descriptive and humorous style of writing, which would provide valuable data for a study of literary works. Therefore, this research sought to elucidate what translation strategies are implemented in the novel and the reasonings behind their utilization.

Research Design
The qualitative research design was implemented in this study. According to Punch (1998), qualitative research is a research design in which text is used as a means of data presentation as opposed to the numerical data presentation of quantitative research design. The qualitative research method was implemented for the purpose of analyzing the available data and to produce interpretations in text form. In reference to previous studies (Fitri et al., 2019;Ndruru, 2017;Nugraha et al., 2017;Sinurat et al., 2022;Yuliasri & Allen, 2019), the qualitative research design was utilized to analyze the translational issues within their respective books, hence its implementation in this study.

Instruments
The sources of data for this research were the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone English novel and its Indonesian version, Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah. Although varying in their number of pages, both versions of the novel consist of 17 chapters. The purposive sampling technique was employed in answering the research question. Alternatively known as judgment sampling, purposive sampling involves the deliberate selection of data based on the qualities they possess to achieve comprehensive understanding of a certain topic (Etikan, 2016). Moreover, it does not require underlying theories or a set number of participants (Etikan, 2016). For this study, the researchers chose to analyze chapters 1, 7, and 11; these sections of the novel provided a wealth of narration, dialogues, and idioms to be analyzed.

Data Collection Procedures
In procuring the data, the researchers first downloaded the Portable Document Format versions of the novel for both languages, after which they reviewed the translation theories formulated by various researchers (Baker, 2018;Gutt, 2000;Kazakova, 2015;Newmark, 2003;Pym, 2007). Then, a scanning of both versions of the novel was conducted. In this stage, the researchers took note of the chapters from which the data could potentially be drawn to answer the research question. Upon successfully reading the novel, the researchers discussed which chapters they would use in the analyzation process; the first, seventh, and eleventh chapters were ultimately chosen, as they provided a wealth of text relevant to this study. Lastly, the researchers selected a number of passages from the aforementioned chapters to be analyzed.
Additionally, the data were displayed in two tables containing five columns: The numbers (No.), the chapters (Ch.) in which the passages are found, the English and Indonesian versions of the passages, as well as the translation strategies utilized in the passages. For a more streamlined organization of the data, the researchers created two separate tables: The first table contains the translation strategies for passages in general as proposed by Newmark (2003), whereas the second table specifically includes Baker's (2018) idiomatic translation strategies.

Data Analysis Procedures
Thematic analysis was employed in this study. Thematic analysis is "a method for systematically identifying, organizing, and offering insight into patterns of meaning (themes) across a data set" (Braun & Clarke, 2012). The utilization of the thematic analysis approach proved to be beneficial in analyzing the translation strategies implemented in translating the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel; it aided the researchers in identifying and composing interpretations of the data.
To analyze the data, the researchers first organized the translation strategies proposed by various researchers (Baker, 2018;Gutt, 2000;Kazakova, 2015;Newmark, 2003;Pym, 2007) into the aforementioned tables. Next, the researchers further analyzed the selected passages by comparing their grammatical and lexical features in the original text and in the translated version. Upon identifying the translation strategy used for each passage, the researchers placed the passages into their respective categories and elaborated on the reasoning as to why the translation strategies were identified as such.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Texts
According to Newmark (2003), there are eight types of translation strategies, which are further categorized into two categories based on whether the translation focuses on the original or target language. He stated that the translation strategies which focus on the original language include the word-for-word, literal, faithful, and semantic translation strategies. Contrarily, the translation strategies which focus on the target language are comprised of the adaptation, free, idiomatic, and communicative translation strategies.
Upon analyzing the passages found within the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel, several implementations of the aforementioned translations strategies proposed by Newmark (2003) for texts were discovered, as presented in the following tables: 1.

Word-for-Word Translation
This strategy concerns the individual translation of words, retaining the order in which they appear and disregarding their original contexts (Newmark, 2003).
The researchers believed that this translation strategy was utilized due to its feasibility in the contexts below: There were no culture-specific items or difficult sentences to be transferred into the target language. This means that the lexical items could be translated individually, retaining their order of appearance in the original without the risk of causing potential misunderstandings for the readers (Hidayati, 2020;Newmark, 2003;Nugraha et al., 2017;Suhendar & Akbar, 2020). "Tidak, Sir-rumah nyaris hancur,…" 2 1 "'Well,' said Dumbledore finally," "'Nah,' kata Dumbledore akhirnya," Example 1: SL: "No, sir --house was almost destroyed,…" TL: "Tidak, Sir-rumah nyaris hancur,…" The translation of the line above employed the word-for-word translation strategy; the words were individually transferred, retaining the order in which they appeared. Example 2: SL: "'Well,' said Dumbledore finally," TL: "'Nah,' kata Dumbledore akhirnya," The line above also utilized the word-for-word translation strategy, as the words were transferred into the target language while keeping their original order of appearance. Example 3: SL: "The Dursleys had everything they wanted, but they also had a secret, and their greatest fear was that somebody would discover it." TL: "Keluarga Dursley memiliki segalanya yang mereka inginkan, tetapi mereka juga punya rahasia, dan ketakutan terbesar mereka adalah, kalau ada orang yang mengetahui rahasia ini." The same strategy was also implemented in the process of translating the sentence above: Every word was translated using their most common meanings, and the order in which the words appeared was retained in the translated product.
From the aforementioned examples, it could be inferred that the word-for-word translation strategy is also strongly related to Pym's (2014) natural equivalence theory: In both languages, linguistic symbols which have identical forms and convey the same values are found, allowing the translator to translate the sentences using the word-for-word translation strategy.

Literal Translation
This strategy is applied when words are translated separately without minding the context. In addition, the sentence structure of the original language is transformed to that of the target language (Newmark, 2003).
The researchers believed that, in accordance with Newmark's (2003) theory, the literal translation strategy was implemented in this translation due to the necessity of converting the sentence structure of original language into the target language: Readers would find the translated text awkward to read if it retained the grammatical construction of the original language. Therefore, this strategy allows for a more natural reading experience due to the conversion of the language structure, as mentioned by Hidayati (2020). "'Astaga, Hermione, kaupikir semua guru itu orang suci atau apa,'" tukas Ron." Example 1: SL: "Mr. Dursley always sat with his back to the window in his office on the ninth floor." TL: "Mr Dursley selalu duduk membelakangi jendela di kantornya di lantai sembilan." The translator employed the literal translation strategy in the first example sentence; the grammatical construction of the source language is replaced with the construction of the target language, and the words are translated individually. Example 2: SL: "It was lit by thousands and thousands of candles that were floating in midair over four long tables" TL: Aula ini diterangi ribuan lilin yang melayang-layang di udara di atas empat meja panjang" The narration above was also translated in a literal manner; the grammatical structure was converted into the structure of the target language, and the words were translated word-for-word. Example 3: SL: "The hundreds of faces staring at them looked like pale lanterns in the flickering candlelight." TL: "Ratusan wajah yang memandang mereka kelihatan seperti lentera pucat di bawah kelap-kelip cahaya lilin." Akin to the previous example, the implementation of the literal translation strategy for this narrative sentence is reflected in the conversion of the grammatical construction into the construction of the target language and the individual translation of the lexical items. Example 4: SL: "'Honestly, Hermione, you think all teachers are saints or something,' snapped Ron." TL: "'Astaga, Hermione, kaupikir semua guru itu orang suci atau apa,' tukas Ron." In translating the fourth example sentence above, the translator also used the literal translation strategy; the words are translated in a literal manner without taking heed of the context.
The examples above demonstrated that Newmark's (2003) literal translation strategy has a strong correlation with Pym's (2014) directional equivalence theory. The source and target languages possess different language structures, which means that the order in which the languages are transferred would directly affect the results of the translation. Therefore, it would be necessary to convert the grammatical structure.

Faithful Translation
The faithful translation strategy involves faithfully recreating the source text into another language: The words are translated in view of the original contexts and meanings, and the language structure would be transformed into that of the target language. Furthermore, the degree of lexical and grammatical complexities are retained, and cultural words are transferred without modification (Newmark, 2003).
The researchers inferred that the faithful translation strategy was employed due to the existence of certain cultural items and the lexical complexity of the source text.
Consequently, it appears that the translator tried to stay true to the original text whenever possible; much of the culture portrayed in the novel and linguistic complexities would have been lost in translation had the translator chosen to translate the text literally or through omission (Hidayati, 2020;Suhendar & Akbar, 2020). Example 1: SL: "By eleven o'clock the whole school seemed to be out in the stands around the Quidditch pitch." TL: "Pada pukul sebelas, seluruh sekolah tampaknya sudah memenuhi tempat duduk tinggi di sekeliling lapangan Quidditch." The aforementioned sentence was translated faithfully; the complexity of the lexical items and grammatical structure were preserved, and the cultural item unique to the Harry Potter universe "Quidditch" was also transferred into the target language without modification. Example 2: SL: "As a surprise for Harry, they had painted a large banner on one of the sheets Scabbers had ruined. It said Potter for President," TL: "Sebagai kejutan untuk Harry, mereka telah membuat spanduk besar dari seprai yang telah dicabikcabik Scabbers. Tulisannya Potter for President," Similar to the first example, the sentence chosen for the second example was also translated faithfully, as the translator chose to retain not only the culture-specific item of "Scabbers", the phrase "Potter for President" was also retained. Moreover, the grammatical structure and lexical items were translated in accordance with their original contexts. Example 3: SL: "Perhaps Snape had left the book in there? It was worth a try. He pushed the door ajar and peered inside --and a horrible scene met his eyes." TL: "Mungkin Snape meninggalkan buku itu di dalam? Layak diselidiki. Harry mendorong pintu hingga terbuka dan mengintip ke dalam-pemandangan yang tampak olehnya sungguh mengerikan." In translating the sentence above, the translator also chose to use the faithful translation strategy; he chose to retain the language features expressed by the original author. Ultimately, the translated product retained the tone of the original text.

Semantic Translation
Similar to the previous strategy, the semantic translation strategy seeks to faithfully recreate the original text. In contrast to the faithful translation strategy, however, this strategy may attempt to retain the original text's aesthetic values, such as wordplays, by sacrificing meaning (Newmark, 2003).
The researchers inferred that the implementation of the semantic translation strategy was caused by the linguistic dissimilarities of the two languages in multiple sections of the novel. This disconnection between the two languages necessitated the translator to sacrifice meaning in favor of staying true to the original text (Newmark, 2003). 11 "She had also tent him Quidditch Through the Ages, which turned out to be a very interesting read." "Hermione juga telah meminjaminya buku Quidditch dari Masa ke Masa, yang ternyata menarik sekali." Example 1: SL: "Madam Hooch was refereeing. She stood in the middle of the field waiting for the two teams, her broom in her hand." TL: "Madam Hooch menjadi wasit. Dia berdiri di tengah lapangan, menunggu kedua tim, dengan sapu di tangannya." The translation of the sentence above was translated involved the use of the semantic translation strategy. The phrase "was refereeing" cannot be translated literally into the Indonesian language. Therefore, by translating it into "menjadi wasit," the semantic translation strategy was employed. Example 2: SL: "--that's Chaser Katie Bell of Gryffindor there, nice dive around Flint, off up the field and --OUCH --that must have hurt, hit in the back of the head by a Bludger -" TL: "-itu Chaser Katie Bell dari Gryffindor, menukik manis mengitari Flint, naik lagi dan-OUCH-pasti sakit sekali, belakang kepalanya dihantam Bludger-" The translation of the second example utilized the semantic translation strategy in the sense that the original text's aesthetic values are retained, with the compromise of sacrificing meaning. For instance, "off up the field" was translated into "naik lagi," which may not be clear for the readers, disrupting their ability to imagine the scene. Example 3: SL: "She had also tent him Quidditch Through the Ages, which turned out to be a very interesting read." TL: "Hermione juga telah meminjaminya buku Quidditch dari Masa ke Masa, yang ternyata menarik sekali." For the third example of this strategy's implementation, the translator chose to retain the aesthetic values of the original by translating "Quidditch Through the Ages" into "buku Quidditch dari Masa ke Masa," which is its official translation. The translator also appeared to have noticed the misspelling of the word "tent" which was supposed to be "lent" and chose to correct it in the translated product.

Free Translation
The free translation strategy commonly transfers a text from one language into another by means of paraphrase (Newmark, 2003). This strategy ignores how ideas are expressed in the original text, therefore granting considerable creative liberty.
The researchers are of the opinion that the free translation strategy was utilized by the translator because of the dissimilarities between the two languages' grammatical constructions. To bridge the linguistic gap between the two languages, the translator paraphrased certain parts of the novel to convey their main ideas, ignoring their original forms (Newmark, 2003;Shabitah & Hartono, 2020). "Kusarankan kalian merapikan diri sebisa mungkin selama menunggu." Example 1: SL: "'Yeah,' said Hagrid in a very muffled voice," TL: "'Yeah,' kata Hagrid sengau." The passage above was translated using the free translation strategy. The phrase "in a very muffled voice" was translated into "sengau," which is a form of paraphrasing a descriptive phrase from the original language into a single adjective available in the target language.
Example 2: SL: "Mr. Dursley stopped dead. Fear flooded him." TL: "Mr Dursley langsung berhenti. Ketakutan melandanya." The second passage was translated using the same strategy; the source text was paraphrased into lexical items available in the target language while maintaining the original context. Example 3: SL: "I suggest you all smarten yourselves up as much as you can while you are waiting." TL: "Kusarankan kalian merapikan diri sebisa mungkin selama menunggu." In the passage above, the phrase "smarten yourselves up" was paraphrased into "merapikan diri". The original phrase does not have a direct equivalent in the Indonesian language, hence the strategy's implementation in this instance.
The free translation strategy has been shown to be in line with Gutt's (2000) views regarding interpretive resemblance. The aforementioned passages were not literally translated, but rather paraphrased and translated based on their implicatures and original contexts. 6.
Communicative Translation The communicative translation strategy attempts to promote readability for the readers by emphasizing the contextual meanings in the original text. This may be achieved by converting pronouns into proper nouns and altering the complexity of the lexical items (Newmark, 2003).
The researchers inferred that the translator utilized the communicative translation strategy due to the existence of potential misunderstandings in the translated text. Noticing the potential misinterpretations, the translator seemed to have made the decision to aid the readers in understanding various parts of the text by replacing certain pronouns with proper nouns and by simplifying certain sentences. Consequently, the readers would be able to understand what is being said more clearly (Hidayati, 2020;Newmark, 2003;Shabitah & Hartono, 2020). Example 1: SL: "They were the last people you'd expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn't hold with such nonsense." TL: "Mereka tak bisa di harapkan terlibat dengan sesuatu yang ajaib atau misterius, karena mereka sama sekali tidak percaya omong kosong seperti itu." The narrative sentence above was translated using the communicative translation strategy; the dependent clause "because they just didn't hold with such nonsense." was transferred to the target language using more commonly used lexical items to promote readability for the readers. Example 2: SL: "Mr. Dursley might have been drifting into an uneasy sleep, but the cat on the wall outside was showing no sign of sleepiness." TL: "Mr Dursley mungkin saja bisa tidur, walau tak nyenyak, tetapi kucing di atas tembok di luar sama sekali tak menunjukkan tanda-tanda mengantuk." As exemplified in the first sentence, the second sentence also promoted readability for the viewers; the phrase "uneasy sleep" was paraphrased into the short description "...tidur, walau tidak nyenak," which would allow the readers to understand the text more easily. Example 3: SL: "It was lit by thousands and thousands of candles that were floating in midair over four long tables" TL: "Aula ini diterangi ribuan lilin yang melayang-layang di udara di atas empat meja panjang" The sentence above employed not only the literal translation strategy, but also the communicative translation strategy, specifically in the translation of the pronoun "It" into "Aula ini." Instead of translating the pronoun into obscure phrases like "Tempat ini," the translator chose to provide clarity for the readers by translating it into "Aula ini." Example 4: SL: "What looked like a fat little monk was saying: "Forgive and forget, I say, we ought to give him a second chance --" TL: "Hantu yang kelihatan seperti rahib kecil-gemuk berkata, "Maafkan dan lupakan. Menurutku kita harus memberinya kesempatan kedua..." As with the previous example, the translator transferred the vague word "What" into the more vividly imaginable noun "Hantu", which would result in a more comprehensible reading experience for the readers.
The communicative translation strategy appears to align with Kazakova's (2015) biased principles, namely the helper strategy: The translator seeked to eliminate the risk of linguistic and cultural complications for the readers by altering the grammatical structure or lexical items in the translated product.

Idioms
Baker (2018) defined idioms as expressions which may not be interpreted literally based on their lexical components. In regards to translating idioms, six translation strategies were proposed, namely the usage of an idiom with similar meaning and form, the usage of an idiom with similar meaning but dissimilar form, borrowing from the source language, paraphrasing, the omission of a play on an idiom, or the omission of an idiom in its entirety (Baker, 2018).
Through analyzing the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel, the researchers were also able to uncover the types of translation strategies implemented specifically in the conversion of the English idioms in the novel into Indonesian as proposed by Baker (2018), which are displayed in the tables below: 1.
Using an idiom with similar meaning and form Infrequent in practice, this strategy includes the usage of an idiom available in the target language whose sense and structure are identical to those used in the original text.
The researchers inferred that the utilization of this translation strategy was prompted by the translator's desire to attain as much resemblance to the original text as possible. In accordance with Baker's (2018) and Fitri's (2019) statements, the strategy's implementation in this translation was feasible because of the linguistic similarities shared between the original and target languages in terms of idiomatic expressions, hence the translator's decision to implement the strategy. "Mereka tak bisa di harapkan terlibat dengan sesuatu yang ajaib atau misterius, karena mereka sama sekali tidak percaya omong kosong seperti itu." Example 1: SL: "'Oh, yes," said Mr. Dursley, his heart sinking horribly." TL: "'Oh, ya?' kata Mr Dursley hatinya mencelos." This sentence was translated using an idiom with similar meaning and form. The translator used an Indonesian idiom whose lexical items resemble those in the original text. This means that the meaning remains unchanged due to the presence of natural equivalence between the two languages, as explained by Pym (2014). Pym's (2014) theory of natural equivalence is also applied within this strategy; the existence of symbols with similar forms and values in both languages indicate that the order in which the languages are translated is irrelevant.

Paraphrasing
The strategy of translating idioms through paraphrasing is utilized when the language into which the text would be translated does not possess a direct equivalent for an idiom present in the source language. Furthermore, this strategy may be employed when an idiom does not suit the tone or style of the target text.
The researchers inferred that the paraphrasing strategy was utilized because the translator was unable to find direct equivalents for the idioms present in the source language. Ultimately, the translator decided to paraphrase the idiomatic expressions while still maintaining their original meanings, allowing the translator to recreate the expression as intended by the original author (Baker, 2018;Fitri et al., 2019). 11 "I'm with Harry. I wouldn't put anything past Snape." "Aku setuju dengan Harry. Aku tidak percaya pada Snape." 4 11 "'Better you than me,' they said together," "'Kau sendiri saja deh,' kata mereka serempak," Example 1: SL: "Even if I could, I wouldn't. Scars can come in handy." TL: "Kalaupun bisa, aku tak mau. Bekas luka kadang-kadang ada gunanya." The second sentence in the first example was translated using the paraphrasing strategy. The idiomatic phrase "...can come in handy" lacks a suitable equivalent in Indonesian, hence the translator's decision to paraphrase the expression into "...kadangkadang ada gunanya." Additionally, the translator also chose to keep the informal conversational tone of the original. Example 2: SL: "Dumbledore took Harry in his arms and turned toward the Dursleys' house." TL: "Dumbledore menggendong Harry dan berbalik menuju rumah keluarga Dursley." The translation of the sentence above also involved the use of the paraphrasing strategy; the idiom "took harry in his arms" was paraphrased into simply "menggendong." The absence of a direct equivalent in Indonesian provided an opportunity to paraphrase the idiom to provide a natural reading experience. Example 3: SL: "I'm with Harry. I wouldn't put anything past Snape" TL: "Aku setuju dengan Harry. Aku tidak percaya pada Snape." The line in the third example was also translated using the paraphrasing strategy. The entire line was paraphrased because the target language does not possess a possible equivalent. The researchers also assumed that the line was not translated literally because it would make the translated product feel awkward to read: "I'm with Harry." and "I wouldn't put anything past Snape" was not translated as is because their meanings would change. Example 4: SL: "'Better you than me,' they said together," TL: "'Kau sendiri saja deh,' kata mereka serempak," The translator chose to translate the idiomatic expression "Better you than me,..." into "Kau sendiri saja deh,..." through paraphrasing because possible equivalents do not exist in the Indonesian language. The informal tone of the translated product also reflected the informality of the original idiom.
The researchers have discovered that Baker's (2018) strategy of translating idioms through paraphrasing is related to Pym's (2014) theory of directional equivalence: The order in which the languages are transferred affects the results of the translation. The absence of direct idiomatic equivalents in Indonesian essentially necessitated the utilization of other means of translating idioms, which in this case would be through paraphrasing.

Omission of a play on idiom
This strategy involves the removal of wordplay aspects from an idiom. Ultimately, the translation of the idiom would be in the form of a literal translation. Similar to the explanation of the paraphrasing strategy, the researchers are of the opinion that the translator chose to omit the play on certain idioms due to the lack of direct equivalents for the idiomatic expressions in the novel (Fitri et al., 2019). However, as opposed to paraphrasing the expression, this strategy translates idiomatic expressions literally, removing the play on language, as it is not possible for the wordplay to be present in both languages (Baker, 2018;Fitri et al., 2019). 1 "I'm not saying his heart isn't in the right place," "Aku tidak bermaksud mengatakan hatinya tidak beradaa di tempatnya yang benar," 2 7 "You're in safe hands (though I have none)" "Dijamin kau akan aman" Example 1: SL: "I'm not saying his heart isn't in the right place," TL: "Aku tidak bermaksud mengatakan hatinya tidak beradaa di tempatnya yang benar," The translator chose to translate this sentence by omitting the play from an idiom; the translated line appeared to have been translated literally. The translator may have noticed that the idiomatic expression "his heart isn't in the right place" does not have a direct equivalent in the target language, hence his decision to translate the sentence literally. This translation strategy was also presumably employed due to the fact that it retains the meaning of the original text. Example 2: SL: "You're in safe hands (though I have none)" TL: "Dijamin kau akan aman" The utilization of the omission of a play on idiom strategy is apparent in this line. The translator translated the first part of the line literally and omitted the part in the parentheses. The wordplay aspect of the idiom "in safe hands (though I have none)" cannot be properly translated into the target language due to the absence of a similar idiom. Therefore, the translator made the decision to remove the joke "though I have none" from the line and translated it literally. Pym's (2014) theory of directional equivalence is once again applied in the translation strategy of omitting a play on idiom: The directionality of translation directly affected the process and results of the translation. In this case, the fact that the Indonesian language does not offer suitable equivalents resulted in the omission of wordplay elements in certain idiomatic expressions; the sentences were translated literally.
The data procured from the selected chapters of the novel revealed that the most commonly utilized translation strategies for translating texts in the novel are the literal and communicative translation strategies. The researchers believed that, in most cases, the grammatical structures of the source and target languages resembled one another, therefore allowing the implementation of the literal translation strategy (Aziz, 2015). With this in mind, the translator was able to safely choose to prioritize the naturalness of the translated product and to ensure that the text is comprehensible enough for most readers. Naturally, the implementation of these translation strategies meant that the translated product would sound natural to native Indonesian speakers and it would be easy to understand (Suhendar & Akbar, 2020).
The applications of Newmark's (2003) adaptation and idiomatic translation strategies were not discovered in the selected chapters. The researchers concluded that the adaptation strategy was not employed due to the fantasy setting of the story: Much of the aesthetic values and fictional cultural aspects would be lost if the strategy were to be applied in the translation process. The researchers believed that the translator deemed the original aesthetic values and cultural aspects to be too valuable to be adapted into the target language, hence the decision to exclude this translation strategy.
The researchers also inferred that the idiomatic translation strategy was not applied in this translation not only due to the unavailability of appropriate idioms and colloquialisms in the Indonesian language, but also due to the tone of the novel. The target language does not have suitable idioms for the contexts portrayed in the selected chapters of the novel. Additionally, the usage of idiomatic expressions absent in the original text could potentially change the tone of the story and characterization of the characters. Ultimately, the researchers concluded that the translator chose to forgo this translation strategy due to its unsuitability for the novel.
The researchers have additionally discovered that three of Baker's (2018) translation strategies for idioms were not utilized in the chosen chapters of the novel, namely the usage of an idiom with similar meaning but different form, borrowing from the source language, and the omission of an entire idiom. The researchers deduced that the translation strategy of utilizing an idiom with similar meaning but different form was not implemented due to the translator's attempt of producing a translated product which closely resembled the original. In addition, the researchers believed that the translator did not borrow any idioms from the source language to avoid potential confusion from the Indonesian readers. Moreover, the researchers inferred that the omission of an entire idiom strategy was not used due to the possibility of altering the characterization or tone of the story.
The results have also shown that the strategy of translating idioms through paraphrasing was dominantly used. This is in line with Sinurat's (2022) study which investigated the first two chapters of the same novel: It was discovered that translation through paraphrasing was the most prevalently used strategy.
In reference to previous studies, the findings of this study appeared to have differences compared to others of similar nature. Sarmila et al. (2023) conducted a study in which they observed the translation strategies used by sixth semester English students of Megarezky University, which was followed by an interview. The study resulted in the discovery that the literal translation and free translation strategies were the most commonly used strategies. Literal translation is a form of translation strategy where the grammatical forms and lexical items of the source language are retained in the translated product (Aziz, 2015;Mashhady et al., 2015). Meanwhile, free translation involves the translation of text by abandoning its original form (Iskandar et al., 2021;Purba et al., 2022). The results of the interview indicated that the two translation strategies were implemented because they were easily understood and implemented by the students. This is in line with Jibreel's (2021) study in which it is mentioned that free translation enhances the liveliness of the translation. It could be inferred that the difference in results between this study and Sarmila et al's (2023) study was caused by the different types of text: The communicative and literal translation strategies are more commonly used in the novel due to the need of properly conveying cultural items, whereas the literal and free translation strategies were more prevalent in Sarmila et al's (2023) study because it involved the translation of academic texts where the involvement of cultural items are uncommon.
Another similar study conducted by Sun (2022) investigated the translations strategies utilized in the translation of the Shengsi Pilao novel. The results of the study indicated that the semantic translation and communicative translation strategies were heavily utilized to translate respectively the sociopolitical concepts and numerous culturespecific items within the novel. Permatahati et al. (2022) mentioned that, in translating, it is crucial for translators to consider not only the linguistic differences between the source and target texts, but also the cultural aspects of both languages. This is due to the belief that translation functions as a form of bridge connecting individuals and groups of differing nations and cultures (Akalın, 2019;Al-Sofi & Abouabdulqader, 2020;ElShiekh, 2012). The results of the researchers' study differed from Sun's (2022) study because there were less cultural items and sociopolitical items to be transferred in the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone Novel; rather than the semantic translation strategy, the literal translation strategy was more prevalently used in this novel due to its setting and plot.
In terms of idiomatic translations, Sadeghi and Farjad (2014) conducted a study with a different instrument: They carried out a test on 60 university students. The core of this test involved the distribution of a questionnaire where the students were tasked with translating 30 idiomatic expressions. The results of this test indicated that the strategy of translation by paraphrase was the most commonly used strategy for translating idioms. These results are in accordance with the notion that translation by paraphrase would be the most commonly used strategy due to the lack of appropriate idioms within the target language (Ali & Sayyiyed Al-Rushaidi, 2017;Fadwati, 2021;Putra & Novalinda, 2019;Sadeghi & Farjad, 2014).
The researchers believed that the results of this study would be beneficial not only in furthering available research within the field of literary translation, but also in providing a reference for translators in the execution of their work. The findings of the study suggested that there are connections between existing translation theories, which may prove to be a point of interest to scholars and translators. The findings also indicated that several strategies were more commonly utilized in the translation of specific text types. Therefore, the researchers are of the opinion that the study would be able to present considerations for future studies as well as research gaps to be occupied. Due to the diversity of the data, the researchers also believed that translators would be able to utilize the data presented and discussed in this study, namely in considering which translation strategies should be utilized for specific contexts. The discussion of the numerous strategies utilized in overcoming and transferring the lexical complexities found within this novel would be invaluable in assisting translators in translating literary works of similar styles.
The study was able to explore various existing theories regarding translation strategies. Through observing the available literature, it would appear that certain translation strategies were used more commonly in specific text types, and some of the theories may have correlations with one another. These implications may aid future studies regarding similar topics. Furthermore, the results of this study would assist translators in choosing which translation strategies they would employ for specific situations: The data presented in this study display a variety of contexts in which translation strategies are employed. Therefore, translators may be able to use the data as reference in their translation works.
This study was limited in terms of scope, however; the data collection and analysis processes were sourced from only three out of the seventeen chapters in the novel. Therefore, there are opportunities for future studies to analyze the other chapters or further develop the ideas presented in this study. To this end, future researchers may utilize other means of data collection such as interviews or focused group discussions to gather the perspectives of relevant individuals regarding this topic.
Despite the aforementioned diversity of data, however, there still exist gaps for future studies to explore. One such gap would be the limited scope of this study; out of the seventeen chapters, only three of them were analyzed. This presents an opportunity for future researchers to observe the other chapters; they will provide a multitude of different contexts which would require specific translation strategies. Another way in which this study may be expanded would be to use different methodologies, namely the instrument, data collection procedures, as well as data analysis procedures. For instance, utilizing interviews or focused group discussions, future studies may include the opinions of experts in the field of translation in determining which translation strategies were utilized or perhaps discuss the different strategies which could be used in translating specific

CONCLUSION
The aim of the study was to identify the translation strategies used in the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel. Upon analyzing the data, the researchers found multiple implementations of the translation strategies suggested by Newmark (2003) and Baker (2018) within the Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone novel. The data have shown that out of the eight strategies proposed by Newmark (2003), only six of the strategies were employed in the first, seventh, and eleventh chapters. These six strategies were the word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic, free, and communicative translation strategies. It became apparent that adaptation and idiomatic translation strategies were not employed due to the potential loss of cultural items and lack of idiomatic equivalents in the target language. Several implementations of Baker's (2018) strategies for translating idiomatic expressions were also discovered: Three of the six translation strategies for idioms were utilized in the translation of this novel. The three strategies were the utilization of an idiom with similar meaning and form, paraphrasing, and the omission of a play on idiom. The aforementioned strategies were seemingly not utilized in order to preserve the values of the original.