Islamic Religious Education Learning in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical and Pedagogical Challenges
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51278/aj.v8i1.2335Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Islamic Religious Education, Communication Ethics; Hadith Perspectivekata, Pedagogical ChallengesAbstract
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed educational practices, including Islamic Religious Education (IRE). While AI offers substantial potential to enhance learning effectiveness through personalization, adaptive instruction, and data-driven assessment, its integration into IRE raises critical ethical and pedagogical concerns. This study aims to examine the implications of AI for Islamic Religious Education, with particular attention to the challenges of maintaining ethical values and pedagogical integrity in technology-mediated learning environments. Using a qualitative literature review approach, this study analyzes relevant theoretical and empirical studies on AI in education, Islamic pedagogy, and Islamic ethics. The findings indicate that although AI can support instructional efficiency and learner engagement, it is limited in addressing the affective and spiritual dimensions central to IRE. Ethical issues such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the authority of religious knowledge, along with pedagogical challenges related to moral formation and teacher–student interaction, remain significant. The study concludes that a human-centered and ethically grounded integration of AI is essential to ensure that technological innovation aligns with the moral and spiritual objectives of Islamic Religious Education.
References
Afril, R., Rehani, R., & Husna, I. (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Transformation of 21st Century Education. JCM, 6(1), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.15548/jcm.v6i1.9444
Alamin, F., & Sauri, S. (2024). Education in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Axiological Study. Progres Pendidikan, 5(2), 146–150. https://doi.org/10.29303/prospek.v5i2.423
Ali, N. (2022). Peran Guru Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Melalui Pendidikan Agama Islam. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Al-Ilmi, 5(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.32529/al-ilmi.v5i1.1680
Anggraini, A., Nisa, I. K., Ghoniyati, S., & Suratman, S. (2023). Implementasi Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Pendidikan Karakter Di MTS Ad Daud Samarinda. Pendidik., 1(03), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.58812/spp.v1i03.124
Arifuddin, A., Yosi, N., & Marlina, M. (2023). Peran Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Membentuk Karakter Siswa Di Era Digital. Al-Tarbiyah, 2(1), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.59059/al-tarbiyah.v2i1.717
Arti, D., Sagala, R., & Kusuma, G. C. (2024). Penguatan Nilai-Nilai Karakter Melalui Pendidikan Agama Islam. Learning Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 4(3), 671–681. https://doi.org/10.51878/learning.v4i3.3183
Bernacki, M. L., Greene, M. J., & Lobczowski, N. G. (2021). A Systematic Review of Research on Personalized Learning: Personalized by Whom, to What, How, and for What Purpose(s)? Educational Psychology Review, 33(4), 1675–1715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09615-8
Biagini, G. (2025). Towards an AI-Literate Future: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Education, Ethics, and Applications. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 35(4), 2616–2666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00466-w
Caena, F., & Redecker, C. (2019). Aligning teacher competence frameworks to 21st century challenges: The case for the European Digital Competence Framework for Educators ( DIGCOMPEDU) . European Journal of Education, 54(3), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12345
Dahlan, J., Abdurrahman, M., & Rif’at, A. D. (2023). Utilization of Artificial Intelligence in Arabic Language Learning: Between Linguistic Competence and Islamic Spirituality. International Journal of Islamic Thought and Humanities, 2(2), 380–394. https://doi.org/10.54298/ijith.v2i2.733
Diana, R., & Sugiharto, S. (2024). Strategi Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Membangun Karakter Religius Peserta Didik Di Era Globalisasi. Al-Madrasah Jurnal Pendidikan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, 8(2), 525. https://doi.org/10.35931/am.v8i2.3367
Effendi, F., & Fahyuni, E. F. (2024). Preparing Adaptive Graduates, Islamic and Professional in the Era Society 5.0. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Studies, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.21070/ijis.v12i4.1742
Falloon, G. (2020). From digital literacy to digital competence: The teacher digital competency (TDC) framework. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(5), 2449–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4
Femi, F., & Supriadi, D. (2024). Implementation of Artificial Intelligence Technology-Based Learning Media at SD Negeri Kotagede 1 Yogyakarta. International Journal of Engineering Science and Information Technology, 5(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v5i1.628
Furqani, H., Adnan, G., & Mulyany, R. (2020). Ethics in Islamic Economics: Microfoundations for an Ethical Endogeneity. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 36(3), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoes-03-2020-0032
Gafarurrozi, M., Rohman, Moh. F., & Fathurrohman, R. (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence as a Transformation of Learning in the Modern Era. International Journal of Science and Applied Science Conference Series, 8(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijsascs.v7i2.96339
Hadiati, E., Setianingrum, D. A., & Dwiyanto, A. (2024). Exploring the Landscape: Challenges and Opportunities for Civil Society in the Era of Society 5.0. Kne Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i2.14971
Halima, R. A., Mustofa, T. A., & Azani, M. Z. (2023). Pengaruh Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Terhadap Pembentukan Kepribadian Anak. Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 7(9), 15852–15861. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v7i9.13722
Khodijah, S., Hasanuddin, M., & Rizki, C. A. (2024). Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Communication Systems. Jocsaic, 1(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.62712/jocsaic.v1i1.2
Lestari, S. D., Nurpriatna, A., Hasanah, E., Ismatullah, A., & Malik, M. S. (2024). Systematic Literature Review: Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Dalam Kewirausahaan Islam. Kharismatik, 2(2), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.70757/kharismatik.v2i2.115
Li, Y., & Yang, P. (2023). Higher Education Worries and Response in the Era of Artificial Intelligence. Education. https://doi.org/10.54647/education880398
Maidee, W. (2025). Development of Ethics Literacy Pedagogical Innovation for Pre-service Teachers within the Post Digital Society Context. Journal of Practical Studies in Education, 6(3), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v6i3.106
Maola, P. S., Handak, I. S. K., & Herlambang, Y. T. (2024). Penerapan Artificial Intelligence Dalam Pendidikan Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Educatio, 19(1), 61–72. https://doi.org/10.29408/edc.v19i1.24772
Marzuni, R., & Romelah, R. (2023). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam Di Sma Negeri 1 Pulau Tiga-Natuna. Research and Development Journal of Education, 9(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.30998/rdje.v9i1.13881
Mohamad, N. hidayah, & Ismail, N. I. (2024). Islamic Education And Artificial Intelligence: Does Is Required? https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.13932924
Mushadi, M., Usman, N., & Bahrun, B. (2025). Empowering Teachers in the Digital Age: Leadership Strategies for Enhancing Pedagogic Competencies in High Schools. Journal of Educational Management and Learning, 3(1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.60084/jeml.v3i1.254
Nasihuddin, M. (2024). Peran Kecerdasan Buatan Terhadap Transformasi Pendidikan Di Era Digital. Salimiya, 5(4), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.58401/salimiya.v5i4.1919
Pranoto, B. A., & Haryanto, B. (2024). Shaping Ethical Digital Citizens Through Islamic Education. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Studies, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.21070/ijis.v12i4.1740
Rasdiana, Wiyono, B. B., Imron, A., Rahma, L., Arifah, N., Azhari, R., Elfira, Sibula, I., & Maharmawan, Muh. A. (2024). Elevating Teachers’ Professional Digital Competence: Synergies of Principals’ Instructional E-Supervision, Technology Leadership and Digital Culture for Educational Excellence in Digital-Savvy Era. Education Sciences, 14(3), 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030266
Rohmah, F., Hidayah, N., & Hidayat, M. Y. (2023). Peran Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam (Pai) Dalam Menangani Kenakalan Siswa Kelas Viii Di SMP Muhammadiyah Sukoharjo. Al-Hasanah Islamic Religious Education Journal, 8(2), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.51729/82234
Sabarudin, M., Ayyubi, I. I. A., & Rohmatulloh, R. (2023). Metode Project-Based Learning Untuk Menumbuhkan Nilai-Nilai Pancasila. Jpi, 1(02), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.63018/jpi.v1i02.14
Salsabilla, M., -, N. I. P. C., & Putri, N. A. (2022). Peran Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Membentuk Akhlak Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Al Qodiri Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Keagamaan, 20(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.53515/qodiri.2022.20.1.82-96
Sholihah, A. M., & Maulida, W. Z. (2020). Pendidikan Islam Sebagai Fondasi Pendidikan Karakter. Qalamuna Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Dan Agama, 12(01), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.37680/qalamuna.v12i01.214
Siregar, M., Rini, K. A., Halimah, S., & Lahby, M. (2026). Artificial Intelligence in Islamic Religious Education: Enhancing Critical Thinking through AI Feedforward Feedback Models. Jurnal Pendidikan Progresif, 16(1), 135–157. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpp.v16i1.pp135-157
Slamet, S., Hana, M. Y., & Suratman, S. (2023). Implementasi Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Pendidikan Karakter Di MTS Al Mujahidin. Pendidik., 1(03), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.58812/spp.v1i03.138
Terzieva, V., Ivanova, T., & Todorova, K. (2023). Personalized Learning in an Intelligent Educational System. In A. Krouska, C. Troussas, & J. Caro (Eds.), Novel & Intelligent Digital Systems: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference (NiDS 2022) (Vol. 556, pp. 13–23). Springer International Publishing.
Young, J. B. (2024). The Rise of Artificial Intelligence in Education. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2024/v13/i2/feb24019
Zainol, M. Z., Muhamad, N., & Mohd Sabri, M. N. (2025). Canva AI–assisted prayer learning approach in islamic education based on the TPACK model: Pendekatan pembelajaran solat berbantu canva AI dalam pendidikan islam berasaskan model TPACK. ATTARBAWIY: Malaysian Online Journal of Education, 9(2), 272–284. https://doi.org/10.53840/attarbawiy.v9i2.379
Zhang, J. (2023). Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education in the Perspective of Its Application of Transformation. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 2(1), 822–830. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2/2022483
Zhang, J., & Zhang, Z. (2024). AI in teacher education: Unlocking new dimensions in teaching support, inclusive learning, and digital literacy. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(4), 1871–1885. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12988
Zohuri, B. (2024). Revolutionizing Education: The Dynamic Synergy of Personalized Learning and Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research, 09(01), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.51505/ijaemr.2024.9111
Zou, D., Xie, H., & Kohnke, L. (2025). Navigating the Future: Establishing a Framework for Educators’ Pedagogic Artificial Intelligence Competence. European Journal of Education, 60(2), e70117. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.70117
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Din Hadi, Toto Dwi Pambudi, Muhammad, Nopi Sari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
